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To translate in France and into French is to place oneself within a particular cultural tradition, whereby the meeting of another culture in fiction involves degrees of compromise of the linguistic, social and cultural codes of two languages and cultures. In selecting Australian fiction for translation, French publishers are taking onboard a primarily Anglo-Celtic culture situated, from a Eurocentric perspective, at the other end of the world. In the negotiation of Australian narratives, French translators make choices consistent with a concern for readers in France and with “[] a sensibility that interprets references of Australia from the perspective of French preoccupations” (Riemer 2003: 58). Translators manipulate and adapt the culture-specific information for a new audience in the interests of comprehensibility and acceptability. The potential, and in some cases the necessity, for the interpretation and re-interpretation of culturally specific elements of the original text represents an important variable in the translation process.
Arguably, choices by translators reflect literary, philosophical and cultural preoccupations expressing in French terms the world-view of the Australian text. The aim of all good translation is to render the text intelligible to readers of a different cultural background while conveying the distinctiveness of the original perspective. The present work highlights the variety of norms and strategies of translation in representing Australian cultural identity in French translation. To illustrate this variety, examples of extracts and synopses of twentieth century Australian fiction with regional settings have been selected. The titles for young readers derive from a defined corpus of twentieth century Australian works for children in French translation (Frank 2003). The examples from adult texts emanate from a comprehensive survey by the author of twentieth century Australian fiction for adults in French translation.
In total, over 60 works with regional settings have been consulted, with the French translations spanning a period from the 1950s to the early 2000s. Given the time span, we would expect a change of norms in the strategies adopted by translators as they rewrite situations consistent with ideologies and translating purposes. As Oittinen (2000: 142) states, “[] translations are always created in unique situations that influence translators’ ways of reading and understanding texts.” The use of the term “translator” implies all agents involved in the publishing trade (Toury 1995), and the examples presented here are representative of the most common translating strategies, norms and tendencies in the Australian-French encounter through fiction. The research topic addresses two major issues in the translation of literature. The first issue concerns the translator’s prioritization of the accessibility of the text for the prospective reader in another culture. Translators are reading for a specific audience for whom they take liberties in the process of translation.